{"id":7365,"date":"2026-01-12T15:43:33","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T10:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vetnewsandviews.com\/en\/?p=7365"},"modified":"2026-01-12T15:43:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T10:43:34","slug":"livestock-development-in-pakistan-challenges-history-and-the-need-for-balanced-expertise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vetnewsandviews.com\/en\/livestock-development-in-pakistan-challenges-history-and-the-need-for-balanced-expertise\/","title":{"rendered":"Livestock development in Pakistan: Challenges, history, and the need for balanced expertise"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n\n

\n Livestock development in Pakistan: Challenges, history, and the need for balanced expertise\n <\/h1>\n

\n Professor Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, TI
\n Dean Postgraduate Studies and Research, The University of Lahore\n <\/p>\n\n \n

\n \n \u201cOne person can secure the health of a hundred animals, but without twenty skilled production experts, productivity will never grow.\u201d\n <\/strong>\n <\/div>\n\n

\n Introduction\n <\/h2>\n

\n Pakistan possesses one of the largest livestock populations in the world, encompassing over 230\n million heads of cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats. Livestock contributes significantly to\n agricultural GDP, employment, and rural livelihoods, accounting for more than 60% of\n agricultural value addition and nearly 12% of national GDP. Despite this substantial resource\n base, the sector continues to underperform in terms of productivity, efficiency, and\n competitiveness.\n <\/p>\n

\n The paradox of abundant animals yet low productivity points to structural issues rather than a\n shortage of resources or professional expertise. As Peter Drucker noted, \u201cEfficiency is doing\n things right; effectiveness is doing the right things. Productivity comes from focusing on what\n matters most.\u201d A key factor is the historical overemphasis on veterinary services at the expense\n of production-oriented disciplines, resulting in a system that excels at animal health but struggles\n with productivity, management, and market integration. As my reflection states, \u201cOne person can\n secure the health of a hundred animals, but without twenty skilled production experts,\n productivity will never grow.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Background\n <\/h2>\n

\n The development of livestock productivity in Pakistan is closely linked to the evolution of\n academic programs in animal production and veterinary sciences. The first cohort of graduates\n trained specifically in animal production and husbandry completed their degrees in 1979,\n followed by a second cohort in 1980, and subsequent batches in the years that followed. These\n graduates introduced systematic approaches to feeding, breeding, reproductive management, and\n farm-level practices, contributing directly to incremental improvements in milk yield, growth\n rates, and overall productivity. As Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug emphasized, \u201cAgricultural\n productivity does not grow from wishful thinking; it grows from applied science and trained\n hands working together.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n In 1999, a significant structural change occurred when the standalone BSc (Hons) Animal\n Husbandry program and the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) program were merged into a\n single five-year composite DVM degree. While this initiative aimed to streamline professional\n education and integrate clinical and production knowledge, it effectively eliminated an\n independent production-focused degree, reducing the number of specialists trained primarily in\n genetics, nutrition, management, and farm productivity systems. Following this change, the\n livestock sector gradually experienced a relative decline in systematic production interventions,\n despite the continued presence of veterinarians. As my reflection highlights, \u201cA system cannot\n excel if those responsible for growth are sidelined; productivity demands expertise, not just\n presence.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n To address evolving sectoral needs, additional programs such as Poultry Science, Animal\n Science, Dairy Science, and Beef and Mutton Production were introduced. These degrees were\n designed to strengthen expertise in specific areas of livestock productivity and value addition.\n However, recruitment and integration of graduates from these programs into provincial\n Livestock and Dairy Development Departments have remained limited. Institutional and\n regulatory frameworks, particularly those guided by the Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council\n (PVMC), have historically constrained the formal participation of production specialists.\n Proposals for establishing an independent Animal Production Council have also faced delays. As\n FAO principles remind us, \u201cHuman resources are as critical as natural resources. Without the\n right skills, livestock development cannot succeed.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n This historical trajectory highlights that livestock development in Pakistan is not a matter of\n lacking talent or resources. Rather, it reflects a systemic imbalance between veterinary services\n and production expertise, which has implications for sustainable sectoral growth. As Nobel\n Laureate Amartya Sen observed, \u201cDevelopment is about enabling people to realize their\n potential; placing skills where they can have the greatest impact is central to growth.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Health vs. Production: Understanding the 80\u201320 reality\n <\/h2>\n

\n Globally, livestock productivity is driven largely by production-side interventions; approximately\n 80% of gains come from improved genetics, nutrition, management, and market access, while\n animal health contributes roughly 20%. In Pakistan, this balance has historically been inverted.\n Provincial livestock departments are overwhelmingly veterinary-centric, focusing primarily on\n disease treatment, vaccination, and clinical outreach. While animal health remains essential, this\n approach has limited the sector\u2019s capacity to improve productivity, efficiency, and profitability.\n As my reflection states, \u201cSectoral progress depends on recognizing who does what best. Health\n protects; production multiplies; both are essential but distinct.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Current indicators reinforce this imbalance; the average dairy animal in Pakistan produces\n 1,500\u20131,800 liters per lactation, whereas dairy animals in the European Union yield 8,000
\n 10,000 liters, and Indian farms, operating under similar climatic conditions, produce nearly\n double the output of Pakistan\u2019s animals. These disparities are not the result of healthier animals\n alone; they reflect the global understanding that systematic production management, nutrition,\n and genetic improvement drive real gains. As Nobel Laureate Sir John Boyd Orr noted,\n \u201cAdequate nutrition is the foundation of health and growth. Animals and humans alike flourish\n only when feeding is guided by knowledge.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Lessons from India and the European Union\n <\/h2>\n\n

\n India: Production-led growth\n <\/h3>\n

\n India provides an instructive regional example. Through cooperative-led initiatives, breeding\n programs, balanced feeding, and farm-level management, India has become the world\u2019s largest\n milk producer, with average yields significantly higher than Pakistan. Veterinarians in India\n operate primarily in a supportive health role, integrated within a broader production framework\n led by animal scientists, dairy technologists, and cooperative managers. This model demonstrates\n that veterinary services, while essential, cannot replace the strategic contributions of production\n focused professionals. As my reflection reminds us, \u201cNo matter how many animals or resources\n exist, livestock productivity remains limited if the right professionals are missing.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n\n

\n \n \u201cHealth vs. Production: Understanding the 80\u201320 reality\u201d\n <\/strong>\n <\/div>\n\n\n

\n European Union: Specialization and efficiency\n <\/h3>\n

\n European countries, including the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and France, treat livestock\n as a highly industrialized and data-driven sector. Productivity gains there result from genomic\n selection, precision feeding, farm automation, and strong market linkages, with veterinarians\n serving as advisors for animal health, welfare, and biosecurity. The clear division of\n responsibilities between clinical and production expertise has enabled highly efficient, globally\n competitive systems. As Sir John Boyd Orr, Nobel Laureate emphasized, \u201cScientific knowledge\n applied wisely to agriculture transforms livelihoods, but only when the right experts lead each\n domain.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Both India and the EU show that veterinarians alone cannot lead productivity growth; rather,\n sustainable development relies on collaboration between production experts and clinical\n professionals. Rachel Carson aptly observed, \u201cThe future of food security depends not only on\n care but on knowledge, planning, and collaboration.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Human resource reality: One veterinarian vs. twenty production experts\n <\/h2>\n

\n A critical lesson from global experience is that animal health supports productivity but cannot\n create it. In practice, successful livestock systems operate on a ratio where one veterinarian is\n sufficient to cover animal health functions while at least twenty animal production specialists\n drive genetics, nutrition, management, and market-oriented interventions. As my reflection\n states, \u201cProgress is not about working harder but about placing the right people in the right\n positions to multiply impact.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Until Pakistan aligns its human resources along similar lines, livestock development will\n continue to struggle. Expanding clinical services alone, without proportionate growth in\n production expertise, cannot improve milk yields, reproductive efficiency, feed conversion, or\n market value. In other words, health protects productivity, but production creates it. As Peter\n Senge observed, \u201cTeam learning and collective intelligence thrive when each member\n contributes according to their unique capabilities.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Curriculum and institutional implications\n <\/h2>\n

\n The DVM curriculum, heavily weighted toward pathology, pharmacology, surgery, and clinical\n medicine, reinforces the historical imbalance. Production-related courses remain secondary,\n limiting veterinarians\u2019 ability to independently drive productivity enhancements. Meanwhile,\n graduates from disciplines such as Animal Science, Dairy Science, Poultry Science, and Beef and\n Mutton Production face institutional barriers to recruitment and deployment in provincial\n Livestock and Dairy Development Departments.\n <\/p>\n

\n This professional imbalance has also prevented the establishment of a separate regulatory council\n for animal production disciplines, further constraining the sector\u2019s capacity to leverage\n specialized expertise. As Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen highlighted, \u201cDevelopment is about\n enabling people to realize their potential; placing skills where they can have the greatest impact\n is central to growth.\u201d My reflection: \u201cA system that prioritizes profession over purpose will\n always underperform; expertise must drive strategy, not titles.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n

\n Nutrition insights from Nobel Laureates\n <\/h2>\n
    \n
  • \n Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug: \u201cHunger is not a natural disaster; it is a failure of\n knowledge and organization. Nutrition and productivity improve when experts apply\n science wisely.\u201d\n <\/li>\n
  • \n Nobel Laureate John Boyd Orr: \u201cAdequate nutrition is the foundation of health and\n growth. Animals and humans alike flourish only when feeding is guided by knowledge.\u201d\n <\/li>\n
  • \n Nobel Laureate Frederick Banting: \u201cMetabolism and nutrition determine the potential of\n life. Without understanding these principles, growth and productivity remain limited.\u201d\n <\/li>\n
  • \n Nobel Laureate Richard J. Roberts: \u201cScientific knowledge of biological systems must\n inform practice. Proper nutrition, genetics, and management transform potential into\n measurable productivity.\u201d\n <\/li>\n
  • \n Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen: \u201cFood security and nutrition are central to development.\n Productivity depends not only on resources, but on proper management, expertise, and\n distribution.\u201d\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n
    \n \n \u201cNutrition insights from Nobel Laureates\u201d\n <\/strong>\n <\/div>\n\n\n

    \n Conclusion\n <\/h2>\n

    \n Pakistan\u2019s livestock sector possesses immense potential but will remain underdeveloped unless\n institutions, human resources, and policy frameworks are realigned with global best practices.\n Key priorities include:\n <\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n Redefining veterinary roles to focus on health, welfare, and biosecurity\n <\/li>\n
    • \n Strengthening recruitment and deployment of production graduates across provincial\n departments\n <\/li>\n
    • \n Establishing clear professional councils and regulatory frameworks for production\n disciplines\n <\/li>\n
    • \n Emphasizing collaboration among veterinarians, production scientists, and market\n specialists\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n

      \n Unless such structural corrections are made, livestock development will remain reactive,\n fragmented, and limited to clinical services, rather than being productive, sustainable, and\n globally competitive. As my reflection aptly concludes, \u201cIn development, as in life, assigning the\n right person to the right job is the single fastest way to ensure meaningful progress.\u201d\n <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Livestock development in Pakistan: Challenges, history, and the need for balanced expertise Professor Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, TI Dean Postgraduate Studies and Research, The University of Lahore \u201cOne person can secure… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7367,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,8],"tags":[2945,2947,2948,2950,2944,2943,2949,2719,2946,2951],"class_list":["post-7365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article-blog","category-stay-informed-with-the-latest-news-in-agriculture-veterinary-and-more","tag-and-the-need-for-balanced-expertise","tag-animal-production-pakistan","tag-animal-science-experts-pakistan","tag-balanced-livestock-expertise","tag-history","tag-livestock-development-in-pakistan-challenges","tag-livestock-gdp-contribution","tag-pakistan-livestock-sector","tag-the-university-of-lahore","tag-why-livestock-productivity-is-low-in-pakistan"],"yoast_head":"\nLivestock development in Pakistan: Challenges, history, and the need for balanced expertise - The Veterinary News & Views<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pakistan has over 230 million livestock animals\u2014yet we still face low productivity, weak management, and an imbalanced system. 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